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Do equivalent settings produce equivalent research output? Gender Disparities in Research Among Urology Residents.
Juliana Villanueva Congote, MD, MPH1, Michal Segall, MD
2, Christina Kottooran, MD
1, Brian H. Eisner, MD
1, Jessica E. Kreshover, MD
1.
1Massachussets General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,
2Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
BACKGROUND:There have been meaningful efforts in recent years to improve gender equity within urology. Data regarding publication disparities by gender in other specialties has been mixed. Despite recruiting more females into urology residencies, it is unclear whether a discrepancy remains in research publications authored by female residents. Our study investigates differences in authorship among urology residents in the United States based on gender.
METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of U.S. urology residency programs, focusing on the top 10 programs ranked by Doximity. For the academic year of 2024-2025, residents of post-graduate year (PGY) 3 or beyond were identified, and all publication data was manually collected from PubMed. Gender, interpreted as binary, was determined using institutional websites. The H-index of journals assessed publication quality and citation counts measured article impact. All metrics were compared between male and female residents to evaluate gender-based differences.
RESULTS:There were 114 residents included, 50 (43.9%) female and 64 (56.1%) male. Gender distribution did not differ by PGY year (p = 0.617). A total of 1096 publications were identified, of which 310 (28.3%) and 786 (71.7%) publications were authored by female and male residents respectively. The overall median was 6 (IQR 3-12) publications, with a median of 4.5 (IQR 2-7) and 8 (IQR 3.75-13.25) (p <0.01) publications for female and male residents respectively. There was no difference in median number of first-author publications (p=0.72) or H-index between male and female residents. Female residents had a lower median citation count for first-author publications, 4 citations (IQR 2-10) versus 8 citations (IQR 3-19) (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS:As more females join urology residencies, there is an expectation of equal opportunity. However, our study demonstrates that in top-ranked urology residency programs, female residents averaged both fewer publications and citation counts than male residents. Future studies are needed to better evaluate this.
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